Data analysis
Tested vs Untested: How much do PEDs boost powerlifting performance?
One way to measure the effect of performance-enhancing drugs is to compare the best records from drug-tested federations against those from untested ones. For each weight class, how much higher is the all-time best untested record than the tested record? A positive gap means untested lifters lifted more. A negative gap means the tested record is higher, which can happen in weight classes where untested feds have fewer competitors.
What the data shows
Compared class for class, untested lifters hold the heavier records in most weight classes, but the edge is narrower than the sport's reputation suggests:
- For men's raw lifts, untested holds the higher record in 30 of the 47 weight classes compared and tested in 17. Where untested leads, it does so by an average of 10%.
- For women's raw lifts, untested holds the higher record in 28 of the 43 weight classes compared and tested in 15, with an average untested edge of 11%.
- The size of the edge depends on the lift. It is widest in men's raw deadlift (+13%) and tightest in men's raw squat (+6%); the summary cards below break out all eight.
- The classes where tested still leads are mostly the lightest ones, where few untested lifters compete and the records come from shallow fields.
How the weight classes are normalized
Powerlifting uses two weight-class systems. Drug-tested federations in the IPF family use one set of bodyweight classes (for men, 59, 66, 74, 83, 93, 105, and 120 kg); the wider field of untested-inclusive federations uses an older set (52, 56, 60, 67.5, 75, 82.5, 90, 100, 110, 125, and 140 kg). The two barely overlap, so an IPF class such as 83 kg holds tens of thousands of tested entries but only a few hundred untested ones. A comparison there sets a deep field against almost nothing.
This page restricts the comparison to the classes that carry real fields on both sides. Where an IPF class falls within 1.5 kg of one of those classes, its tested record is folded in so the deeper tested field is not lost: the men's 82.5 kg row, for instance, takes the higher of the 82.5 and 83 kg tested records. The heavier IPF classes (93, 105, and 120 kg) have no class within 1.5 kg and are left out; the 90, 100, 110, and 125 kg classes already cover that range with fields on both sides.
Men's Raw Summary
Men's Raw Squat
For the men's raw squat, untested lifters outperformed tested lifters in 8 of the 12 weight classes by an average of 6%.
| Class | Tested record holder | Tested | Untested record holder | Untested | Gap | Gap (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 52 kg115 lb | Andrzej Stanaszek | 290.0 kg640 lb | John Redding | 181.4 kg400 lb | -108.6 kg-239 lb | -37.4% |
| 56 kg123 lb | Andrzej Stanaszek | 292.5 kg645 lb | Precious McKenzie | 232.5 kg513 lb | -60.0 kg-132 lb | -20.5% |
| 60 kg132 lb | Jeremy Smith | 250.0 kg551 lb | Aleksey Nikulin | 270.0 kg595 lb | +20.0 kg+44 lb | +8.0% |
| 67.5 kg149 lb | Jonathan Garcia | 278.0 kg613 lb | Lorenzo Jordan | 300.0 kg662 lb | +22.0 kg+49 lb | +7.9% |
| 75 kg165 lb | Austin Perkins | 341.0 kg752 lb | Lorenzo Jordan | 325.0 kg717 lb | -16.0 kg-35 lb | -4.7% |
| 82.5 kg182 lb | Russel Orhii | 338.0 kg745 lb | Jawon Garrison | 353.0 kg778 lb | +15.0 kg+33 lb | +4.4% |
| 90 kg198 lb | Jawon Garrison | 360.0 kg794 lb | John Haack | 365.5 kg806 lb | +5.5 kg+12 lb | +1.5% |
| 100 kg220 lb | Lorenzo Wright | 361.0 kg796 lb | Tyler Williamson | 387.5 kg855 lb | +26.5 kg+59 lb | +7.3% |
| 110 kg243 lb | Ashton Rouska | 380.5 kg839 lb | Hussam Ateyia | 397.5 kg877 lb | +17.0 kg+38 lb | +4.5% |
| 125 kg276 lb | Dennis Cornelius | 395.0 kg871 lb | Colton Engelbrecht | 430.0 kg948 lb | +35.0 kg+77 lb | +8.9% |
| 140 kg309 lb | 张延飞 | 435.0 kg959 lb | Andrew Hause | 468.0 kg1,032 lb | +33.0 kg+73 lb | +7.6% |
| 140+ kg309+ lb | Devonte Lewis | 490.5 kg1,082 lb | Craig Foster | 465.0 kg1,025 lb | -25.5 kg-56 lb | -5.2% |
Men's Raw Bench
For the men's raw bench, untested lifters outperformed tested lifters in 7 of the 12 weight classes by an average of 11%.
| Class | Tested record holder | Tested | Untested record holder | Untested | Gap | Gap (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 52 kg115 lb | Sherif Osman | 191.0 kg421 lb | Rafał Roch | 170.0 kg375 lb | -21.0 kg-46 lb | -11.0% |
| 56 kg123 lb | Sherif Osman | 205.5 kg453 lb | Roman Belousov | 175.0 kg386 lb | -30.5 kg-67 lb | -14.8% |
| 60 kg132 lb | Sherif Osman | 210.5 kg464 lb | James Pruszinski | 197.3 kg435 lb | -13.2 kg-29 lb | -6.3% |
| 67.5 kg149 lb | Lei Liu | 225.0 kg496 lb | Roman Eremashvili | 237.5 kg524 lb | +12.5 kg+28 lb | +5.6% |
| 75 kg165 lb | Akio Yokoyama | 250.5 kg553 lb | Roman Eremashvili | 245.0 kg540 lb | -5.5 kg-12 lb | -2.2% |
| 82.5 kg182 lb | Haidong Zhang | 247.5 kg546 lb | Andrey Sapozhonkov | 247.5 kg546 lb | 0.0 kg0 lb | 0.0% |
| 90 kg198 lb | Ilya Kunygin | 250.0 kg551 lb | Andrey Sapozhonkov | 280.0 kg618 lb | +30.0 kg+66 lb | +12.0% |
| 100 kg220 lb | Jarmo Sohlman | 265.0 kg584 lb | Oleg Perepechenov | 287.5 kg634 lb | +22.5 kg+50 lb | +8.5% |
| 110 kg243 lb | Neil Eddins | 277.5 kg612 lb | Dave McGuinness | 310.0 kg684 lb | +32.5 kg+72 lb | +11.7% |
| 125 kg276 lb | Janne Heittokangas | 290.0 kg640 lb | Vladimir Kravtsov | 303.5 kg669 lb | +13.5 kg+30 lb | +4.7% |
| 140 kg309 lb | John Hays | 288.0 kg635 lb | Johnnie Harris | 320.0 kg706 lb | +32.0 kg+71 lb | +11.1% |
| 140+ kg309+ lb | Pedro Mejias | 290.0 kg640 lb | Julius Maddox | 355.0 kg783 lb | +65.0 kg+144 lb | +22.4% |
Men's Raw Deadlift
For the men's raw deadlift, untested lifters outperformed tested lifters in 8 of the 12 weight classes by an average of 13%.
| Class | Tested record holder | Tested | Untested record holder | Untested | Gap | Gap (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 52 kg115 lb | Dalton LaCoe | 271.5 kg599 lb | Luis Sotelo | 250.0 kg551 lb | -21.5 kg-47 lb | -7.9% |
| 56 kg123 lb | Zachariah Anguiano | 265.0 kg584 lb | Precious McKenzie | 250.0 kg551 lb | -15.0 kg-33 lb | -5.7% |
| 60 kg132 lb | Michael Slabic | 303.0 kg668 lb | Maksim Chursanov | 300.0 kg662 lb | -3.0 kg-6 lb | -1.0% |
| 67.5 kg149 lb | Kyle Nowak | 344.5 kg760 lb | Youssef Abdallah | 335.0 kg739 lb | -9.5 kg-21 lb | -2.8% |
| 75 kg165 lb | Ilya Marichev | 350.0 kg772 lb | Keith Correa | 365.0 kg805 lb | +15.0 kg+33 lb | +4.3% |
| 82.5 kg182 lb | Enahoro Asein | 383.0 kg845 lb | Dmitry Nasonov | 405.0 kg893 lb | +22.0 kg+49 lb | +5.7% |
| 90 kg198 lb | Liam Newell | 402.5 kg888 lb | John Haack | 413.0 kg911 lb | +10.5 kg+23 lb | +2.6% |
| 100 kg220 lb | Dustin McFarland | 387.5 kg854 lb | Krzysztof Wierzbicki | 433.5 kg956 lb | +46.0 kg+102 lb | +11.9% |
| 110 kg243 lb | Kalil Zaky | 405.0 kg893 lb | Danny Grigsby | 472.5 kg1,042 lb | +67.5 kg+149 lb | +16.7% |
| 125 kg276 lb | Brandon Dudley | 384.0 kg847 lb | Danny Grigsby | 487.5 kg1,075 lb | +103.5 kg+228 lb | +27.0% |
| 140 kg309 lb | Dorrell Petties-Dahmer | 401.0 kg884 lb | Colton Engelbrecht | 492.5 kg1,086 lb | +91.5 kg+202 lb | +22.8% |
| 140+ kg309+ lb | Max Shethar | 382.5 kg844 lb | Benedikt Magnússon | 440.0 kg970 lb | +57.5 kg+127 lb | +15.0% |
Men's Raw Total
For the men's raw total, untested lifters outperformed tested lifters in 7 of the 12 weight classes by an average of 11%.
| Class | Tested record holder | Tested | Untested record holder | Untested | Gap | Gap (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 52 kg115 lb | Andrzej Stanaszek | 600.0 kg1,323 lb | Qing Zhang | 505.0 kg1,114 lb | -95.0 kg-209 lb | -15.8% |
| 56 kg123 lb | Andrzej Stanaszek | 600.0 kg1,323 lb | Precious McKenzie | 610.0 kg1,345 lb | +10.0 kg+22 lb | +1.7% |
| 60 kg132 lb | Sergey Fedosienko | 670.5 kg1,478 lb | Ramón Vargas | 655.5 kg1,445 lb | -15.0 kg-33 lb | -2.2% |
| 67.5 kg149 lb | Kjell Egil Bakkelund | 782.0 kg1,724 lb | Raymond Phillips | 771.1 kg1,700 lb | -10.9 kg-24 lb | -1.4% |
| 75 kg165 lb | Austin Perkins | 891.5 kg1,966 lb | Keith Correa | 815.0 kg1,797 lb | -76.5 kg-168 lb | -8.6% |
| 82.5 kg182 lb | Joseph Borenstein | 904.0 kg1,993 lb | Jawon Garrison | 915.5 kg2,019 lb | +11.5 kg+26 lb | +1.3% |
| 90 kg198 lb | Jawon Garrison | 915.0 kg2,017 lb | John Haack | 1,022.5 kg2,254 lb | +107.5 kg+237 lb | +11.7% |
| 100 kg220 lb | Keenan Lee | 940.0 kg2,073 lb | John Haack | 1,044.0 kg2,302 lb | +104.0 kg+230 lb | +11.1% |
| 110 kg243 lb | Ashton Rouska | 968.0 kg2,134 lb | Jamal Browner | 1,052.5 kg2,321 lb | +84.5 kg+187 lb | +8.7% |
| 125 kg276 lb | Rondel Hunte | 1,002.5 kg2,210 lb | Colton Engelbrecht | 1,155.0 kg2,547 lb | +152.5 kg+336 lb | +15.2% |
| 140 kg309 lb | Nathan Wilhelm | 962.5 kg2,122 lb | Colton Engelbrecht | 1,225.0 kg2,701 lb | +262.5 kg+579 lb | +27.3% |
| 140+ kg309+ lb | Devonte Lewis | 1,136.5 kg2,506 lb | Daniel Bell | 1,127.5 kg2,486 lb | -9.0 kg-20 lb | -0.8% |
Women's Raw Summary
Women's Raw Squat
For the women's raw squat, untested lifters outperformed tested lifters in 8 of the 11 weight classes by an average of 13%.
| Class | Tested | Tested | Untested | Untested | Gap | Gap (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 44 kg97 lb | Stephanie Canola | 133.0 kg293 lb | 伍雯希 | 125.0 kg276 lb | -8.0 kg-17 lb | -6.0% |
| 48 kg106 lb | Tiffany Chapon | 170.5 kg376 lb | Maria Ramos | 170.0 kg375 lb | -0.5 kg-1 lb | -0.3% |
| 52 kg115 lb | Pleun Dekkers | 182.5 kg403 lb | Jenn Rotsinger | 167.5 kg370 lb | -15.0 kg-33 lb | -8.2% |
| 56 kg123 lb | Sara Naldi | 200.5 kg442 lb | Marianna Gasparyan | 220.0 kg485 lb | +19.5 kg+43 lb | +9.7% |
| 60 kg132 lb | Christiane Hazzard | 188.5 kg416 lb | Marianna Gasparyan | 230.5 kg508 lb | +42.0 kg+93 lb | +22.3% |
| 67.5 kg149 lb | Carola Garra | 227.0 kg501 lb | Marina Castillo Pardo | 227.5 kg502 lb | +0.5 kg+1 lb | +0.2% |
| 75 kg165 lb | Cranon Worford | 240.0 kg529 lb | Kristy Hawkins | 282.5 kg623 lb | +42.5 kg+94 lb | +17.7% |
| 82.5 kg182 lb | Amanda Lawrence | 256.0 kg565 lb | Kristy Hawkins | 290.0 kg640 lb | +34.0 kg+75 lb | +13.3% |
| 90 kg198 lb | Marina Shelton | 227.5 kg502 lb | Samantha Rice | 282.5 kg623 lb | +55.0 kg+122 lb | +24.2% |
| 100 kg220 lb | Brie Levy | 245.0 kg540 lb | Samantha Rice | 272.5 kg601 lb | +27.5 kg+61 lb | +11.2% |
| 110 kg243 lb | Brie Levy | 255.0 kg562 lb | Kiersten Scurlock | 265.0 kg584 lb | +10.0 kg+22 lb | +3.9% |
Women's Raw Bench
For the women's raw bench, untested lifters outperformed tested lifters in 5 of the 11 weight classes by an average of 12%.
| Class | Tested | Tested | Untested | Untested | Gap | Gap (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 44 kg97 lb | Lucy Ogechukwu Ejike | 127.5 kg281 lb | Jessica Goldstein | 79.4 kg175 lb | -48.1 kg-106 lb | -37.7% |
| 48 kg106 lb | Esther Osa Oyema | 135.0 kg298 lb | Samyra Abweh | 97.5 kg215 lb | -37.5 kg-82 lb | -27.8% |
| 52 kg115 lb | Joy Ganiyatu Onaolapo | 131.0 kg289 lb | Małgorzata Hałas-Koralewska | 130.0 kg287 lb | -1.0 kg-2 lb | -0.8% |
| 56 kg123 lb | Fatma Omar | 142.0 kg313 lb | Blake Tobin | 133.8 kg295 lb | -8.2 kg-18 lb | -5.8% |
| 60 kg132 lb | Mae Angeli Saguil | 137.0 kg302 lb | Małgorzata Hałas-Koralewska | 145.0 kg320 lb | +8.0 kg+18 lb | +5.8% |
| 67.5 kg149 lb | Agata Sitko | 158.0 kg349 lb | Diana Sergeeva | 155.0 kg342 lb | -3.0 kg-6 lb | -1.9% |
| 75 kg165 lb | Agata Sitko | 160.0 kg353 lb | Diana Sergeeva | 170.5 kg376 lb | +10.5 kg+23 lb | +6.6% |
| 82.5 kg182 lb | Agata Sitko | 156.0 kg344 lb | Shannon Nash | 172.5 kg381 lb | +16.5 kg+37 lb | +10.6% |
| 90 kg198 lb | Melanie Stewart | 157.5 kg347 lb | Małgorzata Kopiec | 183.0 kg404 lb | +25.5 kg+56 lb | +16.2% |
| 100 kg220 lb | Brie Levy | 147.5 kg325 lb | Małgorzata Kopiec | 180.0 kg397 lb | +32.5 kg+72 lb | +22.0% |
| 110 kg243 lb | Brie Levy | 157.5 kg347 lb | Kiersten Scurlock | 155.0 kg342 lb | -2.5 kg-5 lb | -1.6% |
Women's Raw Deadlift
For the women's raw deadlift, untested lifters outperformed tested lifters in 7 of the 11 weight classes by an average of 8%.
| Class | Tested | Tested | Untested | Untested | Gap | Gap (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 44 kg97 lb | Jennifer Genato | 162.5 kg359 lb | Payal Ghosh | 170.0 kg375 lb | +7.5 kg+17 lb | +4.6% |
| 48 kg106 lb | Heather Connor | 212.5 kg469 lb | Maria Ramos | 190.0 kg419 lb | -22.5 kg-49 lb | -10.6% |
| 52 kg115 lb | Farhanna Farid | 220.5 kg486 lb | Alisha Luna | 210.0 kg463 lb | -10.5 kg-23 lb | -4.8% |
| 56 kg123 lb | Joy Nnamani | 238.0 kg525 lb | Stefanie Cohen | 230.0 kg507 lb | -8.0 kg-17 lb | -3.4% |
| 60 kg132 lb | Nicole Maranan | 216.0 kg476 lb | Whitney Baxley | 236.0 kg521 lb | +20.0 kg+44 lb | +9.3% |
| 67.5 kg149 lb | Agata Sitko | 260.0 kg573 lb | Barbara Lee | 250.5 kg553 lb | -9.5 kg-21 lb | -3.7% |
| 75 kg165 lb | Chisom Ezeh | 263.0 kg580 lb | Kristy Hawkins | 280.0 kg618 lb | +17.0 kg+38 lb | +6.5% |
| 82.5 kg182 lb | Ziana Azariah | 270.0 kg595 lb | Chakera Ingram | 282.5 kg623 lb | +12.5 kg+28 lb | +4.6% |
| 90 kg198 lb | Erica Enarusai | 262.5 kg579 lb | Samantha Rice | 297.5 kg656 lb | +35.0 kg+77 lb | +13.3% |
| 100 kg220 lb | Michelle Akpala | 250.0 kg551 lb | Samantha Rice | 280.0 kg618 lb | +30.0 kg+66 lb | +12.0% |
| 110 kg243 lb | Iva Liou | 245.0 kg540 lb | Kiersten Scurlock | 257.5 kg568 lb | +12.5 kg+28 lb | +5.1% |
Women's Raw Total
For the women's raw total, untested lifters outperformed tested lifters in 8 of the 11 weight classes by an average of 12%.
| Class | Tested | Tested | Untested | Untested | Gap | Gap (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 44 kg97 lb | Leanne Le | 350.0 kg772 lb | Stacia Cambra | 350.0 kg772 lb | 0.0 kg0 lb | 0.0% |
| 48 kg106 lb | Tiffany Chapon | 453.0 kg999 lb | Maria Ramos | 455.0 kg1,003 lb | +2.0 kg+5 lb | +0.4% |
| 52 kg115 lb | Megan-Li Smith | 486.5 kg1,073 lb | Alisha Luna | 475.0 kg1,047 lb | -11.5 kg-25 lb | -2.4% |
| 56 kg123 lb | Sara Naldi | 530.5 kg1,170 lb | Marianna Gasparyan | 552.5 kg1,218 lb | +22.0 kg+49 lb | +4.1% |
| 60 kg132 lb | Mae Angeli Saguil | 509.5 kg1,124 lb | Brittany Bowles | 581.0 kg1,281 lb | +71.5 kg+158 lb | +14.0% |
| 67.5 kg149 lb | Agata Sitko | 628.0 kg1,385 lb | Sharon Eggleton | 590.0 kg1,301 lb | -38.0 kg-84 lb | -6.1% |
| 75 kg165 lb | Agata Sitko | 635.0 kg1,400 lb | Kristy Hawkins | 720.0 kg1,588 lb | +85.0 kg+188 lb | +13.4% |
| 82.5 kg182 lb | Amanda Lawrence | 648.0 kg1,429 lb | Kristy Hawkins | 720.0 kg1,588 lb | +72.0 kg+159 lb | +11.1% |
| 90 kg198 lb | Marina Shelton | 577.5 kg1,273 lb | Samantha Rice | 743.0 kg1,638 lb | +165.5 kg+365 lb | +28.7% |
| 100 kg220 lb | Brie Levy | 617.5 kg1,362 lb | Samantha Rice | 715.5 kg1,578 lb | +98.0 kg+216 lb | +15.9% |
| 110 kg243 lb | Brie Levy | 640.0 kg1,411 lb | Kiersten Scurlock | 677.5 kg1,494 lb | +37.5 kg+83 lb | +5.9% |